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In commutative algebra and algebraic geometry, a morphism is called formally étale if it has a lifting property that is analogous to being a local diffeomorphism.

• Formally étale homomorphisms of rings

• Formally étale morphisms of schemes

• Properties

• Examples

• See also

• Notes

• References

Let A be a topological ring, and let B be a topological A-algebra. Then B is formally étale if for all discrete A-algebras C, all nilpotent ideals J of C, and all continuous A-homomorphisms u : B → C/J, there exists a unique continuous A-algebra map v : B → C such that u = pv, where p : C → C/J is the canonical projection.cite-ref-1[1]

Formally étale is equivalent to formally smooth plus formally unramified.cite-ref-2[2]

Since the structure sheaf of a scheme naturally carries only the discrete topology, the notion of formally étale for schemes is analogous to formally étale for the discrete topology for rings. That is, a morphism of schemes f : X → Y is formally étale if for every affine Y-scheme Z, every nilpotent sheaf of ideals J on Z with i : Z0 → Z be the closed immersion determined by J, and every Y-morphism g : Z0 → X, there exists a unique Y-morphism s : Z → X such that g = si.cite-ref-3[3]

It is equivalent to let Z be any Y-scheme and let J be a locally nilpotent sheaf of ideals on Z.cite-ref-4[4]

• Open immersions are formally étale.cite-ref-5[5]

• The property of being formally étale is preserved under composites, base change, and fibered products.cite-ref-6[6]

• If f : X → Y and g : Y → Z are morphisms of schemes, g is formally unramified, and gf is formally étale, then f is formally étale. In particular, if g is formally étale, then f is formally étale if and only if gf is.cite-ref-7[7]

• The property of being formally étale is local on the source and target.cite-ref-8[8]

• The property of being formally étale can be checked on stalks. One can show that a morphism of rings f : A → B is formally étale if and only if for every prime Q of B, the induced map A → BQ is formally étale.cite-ref-9[9] Consequently, f is formally étale if and only if for every prime Q of B, the map AP → BQ is formally étale, where P = f−1(Q).

• Localizations are formally étale.

• Finite separable field extensions are formally étale. More generally, any (commutative) flat separable A-algebra B is formally étale.cite-ref-10[10]

• Formally unramified

• Formally smooth

• Étale morphism

cite-note-11. ↑ EGA 0IV, Définition 19.10.2.

cite-note-22. ↑ EGA 0IV, Définition 19.10.2.

cite-note-33. ↑ EGA IV4, Définition 17.1.1.

cite-note-44. ↑ EGA IV4, Remarques 17.1.2 (iv).

cite-note-55. ↑ EGA IV4, proposition 17.1.3 (i).

cite-note-66. ↑ EGA IV4, proposition 17.1.3 (ii)–(iv).

cite-note-77. ↑ EGA IV4, proposition 17.1.4 and corollaire 17.1.5.

cite-note-88. ↑ EGA IV4, proposition 17.1.6.

cite-note-99. ↑ mathoverflow.net question

cite-note-1010. ↑ Ford (2017, Corollary 4.7.3)

• citerefford2017Ford, Timothy J. (2017), Separable algebras, Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society, ISBN 978-1-4704-3770-1, MR 3618889

• reference-egaiv1citerefgrothendieckdieudonn-1964Grothendieck, Alexandre; Dieudonné, Jean (1964). "Éléments de géométrie algébrique: IV. Étude locale des schémas et des morphismes de schémas, Première partie". Publications Mathématiques de l'IHÉS. 20. doi:10.1007/bf02684747. MR 0173675.

• reference-egaiv4citerefgrothendieckdieudonn-1967Grothendieck, Alexandre; Dieudonné, Jean (1967). "Éléments de géométrie algébrique: IV. Étude locale des schémas et des morphismes de schémas, Quatrième partie". Publications Mathématiques de l'IHÉS. 32. doi:10.1007/bf02732123. MR 0238860.